HPLC Chromatography: Understanding HPLC, Test Methods, Instrumentation & Columns

 What Is Analytical Chemistry? Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry focused on the identification, separation, and quantification of matter . It plays a foundational role in scientific research, quality control, drug development, environmental monitoring, and more. Whether you're measuring the concentration of active ingredients in a pharmaceutical formulation or detecting trace contaminants in water, analytical chemistry provides the tools and methods to obtain accurate, reliable data . Core Principles of Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is built upon several fundamental principles: Precision and Accuracy : The ability to measure consistently and closely to the true value. Sensitivity : The smallest quantity of a substance that can be reliably detected. Selectivity : The ability to differentiate the target analyte from other substances. Linearity : The range over which a method gives proportional responses. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit ...

What Are HPLC Vials? HPLC vials are small containers specifically designed for use in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) systems. These vials store sample solutions before they're introduced into the chromatographic system via an autosampler. Although small and often overlooked, HPLC vials are crucial for maintaining sample integrity, preventing contamination, and ensuring reproducible results. The right HPLC vial can improve sample stability, minimize loss, and prevent errors in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Types of HPLC Vials There are several types of HPLC vials , classified based on design, closure type, and volume. Choosing the correct type depends on your sample, injection system, and application. 1. Screw Top Vials Most common type for autosamplers. Easy to use with reusable caps. Often used in general-purpose labs and QA/QC environments. 2. Crimp Top Vials Secure sealing with a crimping tool. Ideal for long-term storage or...

HILIC Columns The Technology: HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) is an advanced chromatographic method ideal for the separation and retention of polar species, including polar neutral and ionized analytes. It is a variation of normal-phase chromatography, but with key differences in the mobile phase composition and separation mechanism. While normal-phase chromatography typically employs 100% organic mobile phases, HILIC uses water-miscible organic solvents, creating a unique polar environment. Historically, HILIC phases relied on unbound silica, but recent developments have introduced bonded polar phases classified into acidic, basic, and neutral chemistries. Zodiac’s HST HILIC columns encompass these modern bonded polar phases to address a wide range of analytical challenges.   HILIC Columns The Methodology: Typical Mobile Phase Composition: The mobile phase commonly includes  MeCN with a small water content . Mechanism of Separation: A  water-rich la...

  The column is made of spherical, porous, Polystyrene Divinyl benzene copolymer of 6.7% crosslinkage, with sulphonyl functional groups and with particle size of 9µm. Advantages: 1. Columns are packed with chemically very stable polymeric phases of PS /DVB. 2. The varied percentage cross-linkage of copolymers and varied particle sizes gives choice of selecting required column. 3. High temperature stability is exhibited by the columns (up to 95°C). 4. Excellent performance and consistency is guaranteed from column to column and batch to batch. 5. Choice of eluents can be used depending on the column and compound requirement, the simplest eluent being is Water. Technical Details    Material type  : Polymer (PS/DVB) Cross Linkage  : 6.7% Particle size  : 9 µm

C8 Column Zodiac C8 Column, An excellent resolution for critical separations, faster analysis compared to C18 increased selectivity, exceptional reproducibility. Zodiac C8 Column is an admirable choice for separations that need marginally more polar phase than C18. The high surface area that is about 440m2/g in Zodiac C8 column provides additional resolution to polar phase. Zodiac C8 column is less hydrophobic column with high surface area, optimal carbon load and unique bonded silica packing. C8 Column This column is ideal choice when analytical laboratories need extra selectivity and more speed than the C18 column. The superior resolution of Zodiac C8 yields out and out separation first time, speeding up method development and validation. These columns are highly stable and produce ever reliable results with an extended column life. The column comes with protective end-capping for a better peak without tailing and high durability of column. Faster, sharp and reproducible responses ar...

Phenyl Column Phenyl Column ü Extraordinary resolution ü Excellent choice for separating mixture of polar and non polar analytes ü Superior selectivity of structurally comparable compounds Employing ultra pure, higher stability silica and unique bonding technology, Zodiac-Phenyl columns are exceptionally designed to ensure maximum performance. Zodiac- Phenyl columns contain carbon load of about 15.0% which gives best required retention. The silica phase packing and end capping of column is completely controlled, that ensures column-to-column reproducibility. The uniform ultra pure silica particles have high surface area of 440m2/g with a controlled pore size of 100Å. Zodiac-Phenyl columns show great selectivity and peak symmetry with fairly high retention for separation of mixtures of polar and non polar compounds. The pi-pi interactions in the phenyl stationary phase influence the solute pi electrons which causes ultimate separation of compounds containing isomers. The column is conve...

Silica Column Zodiac Silica columns are made with spherical, highly pure silica particles (99.999% Pure). Zodiac Silica is the basis for our high quality Zodiac stationary Phase manufactured to provide maximum bonded phase coverage. Zodiac Silica column provides excellent peak shapes using simple eluents while operating at low pressure. Silica Column TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SILICA COLUMN Silica type  : Spherical Silica Purity  : 99.999% Carbon Load  : 0% Surface Area  : 450m2/gram Pore Size  : 100 A pH Range  : 2.0-6.0 Particle Size  : 3um, 3.5um, 5um and 10um

Cyano Column Zodiac Cyano column offers best peak shape and efficiency and with unique selectivity compared to C18 & C8 stationary phases. Zodiac Cyano, Cyanopropryl groups bonded to Silica gel, offers unique selectivity, very low operating back pressure, long column operating life and excellent peak shapes in both reverse phase and normal phase modes. Ready for LC/MS Applications. Cyano column TECHNICAL DETAILS Silica type           :  Spherical Silica Purity       :  99.999% Carbon Load     :  15% Surface Area      :  450 m2/gram Pore Size            :  100A pH Range           :  2.0-7.5 Particle Size       :  3µm,3.5µm, 5µm,10µm

RP Amide Column The Zodiac 120 RP Amide column is a reversed-phase HPLC column with an amide-based stationary phase, ideal for separating both polar and non-polar analytes. It offers high resolution and reproducibility in aqueous-organic mobile phases for various analytical applications. Separation of 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene using RP Amide Column RP Amide Column Application Name  :  Reference  Reformate  Standard Benzoic acid Related Compounds Seperation using Zodiac 120 RP Amide Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Analysis using Zodiac 120 RP-Amide Column Column Name  :  GRS – 1 GC Capillary Column Analytes  :  Benzene ,  Toluene ,  Naphthalene  ,  Ethylbenzene ,  Propylbenzene , Butylbenzene ,  Propane  ,   2-methylpentane ,  2,4-dimethylpentane ,  o-xylene ,  Isopentane ,  1,2,4-trimethylbenzene ,   2,3-dimethylbutane ,  Methylcyclopentane ,  m-xylene ,  p-xylen...

Amino Column Zodiac Amino Column has Aminopropyl groups bonded to Silica gel. Generally Amino columns are widely used for analysing sugar in reversed phase mode The Zodiac Amino Column can be utilized for normal-phase and weak anion-exchange compounds and can separate vitamins, carbohydrates and sugars in the reversed-phase mode. Amino Column Technical Details of Amino Column   Silica type  : Spherical Silica Purity  : 99.999 % Carbon Load  : 3 % Surface Area  : 340 m2/gram Pore Size  : 100 A PH Range  : 2 to 7 Particle size  : 5um and 10um

PFP Column The  Zodiac PFP column  is a high-performance chromatography solution designed for superior selectivity and retention. As a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) phase with a propyl spacer, this bonded phase delivers  reversed-phase separations  that stand apart from conventional  C18 silica surfaces . The presence of highly electronegative fluorine atoms on the periphery of the  phenyl ring ligand  allows for unique  aromatic selectivity , making it an excellent choice for challenging separations. PFP Column Exceptional Interaction Types for Enhanced Retention The  Zodiac PFP column  exhibits multiple interaction mechanisms that contribute to its high performance, including: Dispersive interactions : Effective for nonpolar compounds Dipole-dipole interactions : Enhancing selectivity for polar analytes Pi-pi interactions : Ideal for aromatic compounds Charge-transfer interactions : Providing superior retention for halogenated species These ...